Una flor imita el olor de los escarabajos muertos para atraer moscas que podrían ser útiles
NOHemos oído hablar de plantas que imitan el olor de carne o heces podridas para atraer insectos carroñeros que arrojan su polen, pero los botánicos ahora han descubierto que una planta realmente se enfoca en esta idea: imita el olor de escarabajos muertos para atraer un tipo específico de mosca.
Llamada Aristolochia microstoma , esta planta hasta ahora solo se ha descubierto en Grecia. Mientras que otros miembros de la familia son conocidos por sus flores grandes y coloridas, las flores de A. microstoma son opacas y se encuentran cerca del suelo, donde a menudo están cubiertas con hojas caídas u otros detritos.
Los científicos ya sabían que estas flores emiten un olor fétido para atraer a los animales carroñeros que ayudan a A. microstoma a reproducirse transfiriendo polen entre cada planta. Sin embargo, recientemente, investigadores de Austria y Alemania descubrieron que una de las moléculas que componen el «ramo» único de flores es producida por muy pocas otras plantas con flores.
Este compuesto, conocido como 2,5-dimetilpirazina , tiene un olor a humedad. No se encuentra en los cadáveres ni en los excrementos de los vertebrados, sino que se emite desde las conchas en descomposición de los escarabajos muertos. Las moscas del género Megaselia , comúnmente conocidas como » moscas ataúd» , probablemente se sentirían atraídas por tal olor, ya que se aparean sobre los cuerpos de los escarabajos muertos y ponen sus huevos allí.
De hecho, cuando los científicos recolectaron artrópodos de 1.457 plantas silvestres de A. microstoma , encontraron que las moscas del ataúd eran las únicas especies que transportaban polen en las flores.
Estas flores atraen a las moscas con su aroma y usan pelos hacia abajo para atraparlas temporalmente en una cámara inferior que contiene los órganos reproductores de la flor. Una vez que las moscas han tenido la oportunidad de depositar el polen que ya podían transportar y de ser cubiertas con polen fresco del estambre de la flor, los pelos se marchitan y las moscas pueden escapar y visitar otras plantas de A. microstoma.
Según el profesor Stefan Wanke de la Universidad Técnica de Dresde (Alemania):
Concluimos que A. microstoma probablemente utiliza una estrategia que nunca antes se había informado: sus flores imitan el olor de la carroña de invertebrados para atraer y atrapar a los polinizadores. La orientación particular de las flores cerca del suelo también puede ayudar, ya que las moscas polinizadoras del ataúd buscan sitios de reproducción o alimento cerca del suelo, en la hojarasca o entre las rocas.
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